Chiang Rai Thailand Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(87) whose examination final results have incredibly given supportive informations to the survey. This is a quantitative examination audit on a review directed in 2008 in the northern province of Chiang Rai, Thailand. The overview researches the causal connections between age, antiretroviral mediation, cultural help, manifestation experience, self-care plans, and wellbeing related personal satisfaction ( HRQOL ) in individuals populating with HIV/AIDS ( PLWHA ) in the northern piece of the said state. 400 22 points were chosen to partake in the examination and from them informations were gathered with the use of four unique polls. We will compose a custom paper test on Chiang Rai Thailand Health And Social Care Essay or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The results uncovered that side effect experience had a significant negative direct outcome on the HRQOL rather than age, cultural help, antiretroviral intercession and self-care plans which had significant positive result on the HRQOL. Besides, it was seen that cultural help and antiretroviral mediation had a roundabout result on the HRQOL through self-care plans. With these discoveries, it was suggested that exposure of cultural help and connection to antiretroviral mediation must be accomplished to uplift the personal satisfaction of individuals populating with HIV/AIDS. The rubric is dryly expressed which incorporated a base figure of words yet sufficiently depicts the substance of the paper ( Day A ; Gastal, 2006 ) . It is brief yet does non bargain its importance and does non sound uninteresting. It is quickly assembled yet is decently stretched out to explain the examination without overwhelming perusers with exorbitantly much data. Besides, the rubric is defined in a solid and straightforward mode which is extremely of import in guaranting perusers will non be diverted or confounded. The rubric presents the subject of the exploration which is the wellbeing related personal satisfaction in individuals populating with HIV/AIDS in the northern piece of Thailand. The examination laborers of this review are Thitiarpa Tangkawanich, Jintana Yunibhand, Sureeporn Thanasilp, and Kathy Magilvy. Thitiarpa Tangkawanich, RN, Msc, Jintana Yunibhand, RN, Msc, PhD, and Sureeporn Thanasilp, RN, Msc, DNS are individuals from the Faculty of Nursing in Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand while Kathy Magilvy, RN, PhD, FAAN is an educator of the College of Nursing of the University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA. With all these scholastic endorsements and makings, the examination laborers can be viewed as trustworthy characters in their few Fieldss of strengths. The examination was made by all around considered educators and enrolled medical caretakers. Every one of them have maestro ‘s grade while Tangkawanich is the solitary one without a doctorial evaluation. The article utilizes a revelatory or clear dynamic to flexibly a short summarize of the main purposes of the examination ( Day A ; Gastal, 2006 ) . Since the examination surveies a cultural event in a quantitative assault, the exploration laborers utilized such a theoretical as it depicts what happened during the full exploration strategy. The theoretical references the dense signifier of the examination reason, which is to occur out the causal connections between age, antiretroviral mediation, cultural help, manifestation experience, self-care plans and wellbeing related personal satisfaction. The methodological investigation utilized in convey oning the examination is referenced albeit some data was barred as they were talked about in thing in the succeeding pieces of the exploration. Four distinct polls were utilized to move up informations from the 422 respondents picked for the review. Utilizing the Likert assessment graduated table, the informations were broke down and were so exposed to measurable mediation with SPSS and LISREL. The theoretical other than reports the significant discoveries ( Day A ; Gastal, 2006 ) which show that indication experience has a significant negative outcome on the HRQOL while the other staying factors had a significant positive result. Moreover, cultural help and antiretroviral intercession were other than found to hold a backhanded result on HRQOL through self-care plans. Last, the theoretical of the study proposes a suggestion for the medicinal services crew, along with the family unit and network, to progress cultural help and assurance antiretroviral mediation to uplift the personal satisfaction in individuals populating with HIV/AIDS sing the examination discoveries. It other than shows the overview ‘s centrality to clinical example. The exploration work is plainly introduced in the presentation of the article as it clarifies the standard behind the conduct of this overview ( Walsh A ; Wigens, 2007 ) . The reason in this study is to investigate the causal connections between age, antiretroviral intercession, cultural help, indication experience, self-care plans and the HRQOL in individuals populating with HIV/AIDS in northern Thailand. It looks at whether or non connections between these components exist, what kind of connections exists if there are any and how can it ensnare the individuals with the disease and the possible mediations to be taken by health consideration crew each piece great. The introduction was other than ready to give a situation about how individuals with HIV/AIDS in the included review puting live their lives. It gave a concise treatment about HIV/AIDS which altogether gives a decent kick off in explaining the entireness of the examination. The introduction expresses the scarceness in resea rch stuff that point of convergence on the connections among the factors recognized, HRQOL and PLWHA, set uping the interest for the review to be led. In spite of the fact that the presentation had the option to talk the significant focuses and factors in the study, it did non incorporate the limitations. Moreover, the presentation other than did non explain the main subject from a greater worldwide range to a thin and increasingly explicit degree ( Day A ; Gastal, 2006 ) . In sum, the presentation had the option to set up an unmistakable rationale, an investigation of old plants, foundation data and the central purpose of the exploration ( Walsh A ; Wigens, 2003 ) . The expansive writing reappraisal utilized in the exploration had the option to give a decent foundation about the significant focuses in the study. Be that as it may, numerous different stuffs despite everything could hold been utilized to additionally amplify the overview ‘s writing reappraisal. It is prominent that the study is bolstered by up to day of the month data which makes it all the more convenient and pertinent. The writing reappraisal used articles from numerous other exploration laborers whose examination final results have incredibly given supportive informations to the study. You read Chiang Rai Thailand Health And Social Care Essay in classification Paper models The depiction of the current life states of the respondents ( Sukati et al. , 2005 ) , oneself consideration plots that they use ( Panuwatsuk, 1998 ) , the indications and their correlativity to HRQOL ( Dodd et al. 2001 ) , the ebb and flow antiretroviral intercession ( Heckman 2003 ) , all these and ot hers, were taken from investigates directed from twelvemonth 2000 through 2007. The writing can appear in text the hypothetical development from which the study was tied down. With the whole of referenced articles introduced in the writing, the decent evaluating of back uping and contradicting stuffs for the recommendation is illustrated. Since just barely any investigates surveies were made sing the circuitous result of the numerous components distinguished on the HRQOL in PLWHA, the need to build up a hypothetical record that could show the immediate and backhanded impacts of the forecasters on the HRQOL in PLWHA has unmistakably ascended as expressed in the writing reappraisal. Besides, of import makes reference to were recognized thusly to additionally reenforce the sufficiency of the review. In any case, it might hold given an all-encompassing review on the overview, yet at the same time it was non ready to show a couple of significant focuses. In spite of the fact that the wri ting outlined a complete foundation on the overview and the factors in question, it did non plainly refer to the cardinal hypothetical model. The study is a quantitative examination which attempts to explain a cultural marvel. This hints no difference in the earth was made and the respondents were non exposed to any signifier of controlled scene, accordingly, factors included are restricted. Since this is a quantitative exploration, it must hold a sound speculation which will work as its stay. Be that as it may, it is non expressed on the other hand, an inferred theory was utilized to see whether or non connections exist among the forecasters: age, antiretroviral intercession, cultural help, self-care plans and side effect understanding on health - related personal satisfaction in individuals populating with HIV/AIDS. This is a representation of a non-directional speculation ( Wood A ; Haber, 2006 ) , where the theory being tried is reversible yet can be tried by geting informations and exposing them to measurable examination. The exploration laborers utilized words that are to a great extent clear and understandable. They did non use exorbitantly numerous slangs in the he-man. Contractions like HRQOL, PLWHA and HIV/AIDS are other than plainly characterized to stay away from disarray. Footings other than have steady and reliable definitions all through the review, especially those operationally characterized for this exploration ( Walonick, 2005 ) . The review utilizes a cross-sectional quantitative overview with a non-exploratory examination configuration in putting the respondents ‘ level of HRQOL according to their age, antiretroviral mediation, cultural help, manifestation experience, and self-care plans. It implies that a test review using an accumulation of informations on one crossroads was made with a particular gathering of populace all at a similar clasp ( Walsh A ; Wigens, 2003 ) . It is the proper technique to be utilized as it gi

Rainfall Simulation essays

Precipitation Simulation expositions To assess how the disintegration and overflow process work, one would direct a Rainfall Simulation. Doing a reproduction, one comes to understand different sorts of land the board and the invasion that happens as per how the land is utilized. The land utilized in this lab comprises of thick spread and low spread. The plots are for the most part shrouded in grass and were dry before the reenactment occurred. At around 3 oclock toward the evening on a blustery day at the Texas A The data for the Rainfall Simulation lab can be found on pages 11-1 through 12-2 of the Spring 2002 Range and Forest Watershed Management Lab Manual. The precipitation recreation lab started with two gatherings of understudies who each had a plot and a test system, the main contrast was the measure of exposed ground, forbs, grass, and litter. One is viewed as the low spread plot and the other is the thick spread plot. The measures of the plots were both 3 meters squared and were inside 2 meters good ways from one another. Start the lab by taking an example of soil to utilize when looking at the penetration limit of the dirt. Mass Density is one of the primary things to search for. The Bulk Density of soil shows how minimal the dirt is and doesn't permit water to get past when it is so conservative. At the point when Bulk Density builds, Infiltration diminishes. Computation of Bulk Density utilizing the mass of the dry soil tells the eyewitness the most extreme measure of water that can be held by the dirt. The dirt could likewise be utilized fo... <!

Physical Security †Essay Essay

In the United States everybody is worried about security in their homes and in their work environment. People put everything on the line to guarantee that every one of their assets that they own couldn't be taken from them. As per the 1999 FBI Uniform Crime Reports, across the nation 408,217 thefts were perpetrated with the assessed measure of misfortunes being accounted for at $508 million in misfortunes. Numerous measures can be set up to forestall such misfortunes. This paper will talk about physical security and different segments, for example, building security, grounds security, get to control frameworks, border security, data frameworks, and innovation security. Physical Security As indicated by Search Security (2011), Physical security is â€Å"Physical security is the assurance of staff, equipment, projects, systems, and information from physical conditions and occasions that could make genuine misfortunes or harm an endeavor, office, or foundation. This incorporates assurance from fire, cataclysmic events, thievery, burglary, vandalism, and terrorism.† Physical security can be portrayed as measures taken to forestall and to discourage interlopers or assailants from accessing offices, assets, or data put away on physical media. Physical security likewise gives direction on approaches to configuration structures to oppose different antagonistic acts. As physical security can have appeared to be this intricate errand, however can be a straightforward demonstration of locking a home or business entryway and not given a simple access to an interloper. To keep people, families, or workers safe one needs to consider the things that are imperative to them a nd the things one likewise needs to secure. Ground Security Ground security can be taken a gander at as approaches to ensure regions around air terminals. Since September 11, 2001, air terminals have experienced numerous progressions to guarantee that their travelers are protected and all packs and hardware are sheltered before the leave the ground and enter the plane. Before that lamentable occasion there were no significant safety efforts set up aside from screenings yet individuals could simply travel every which way however they see fit. Because of the hijackings security wasâ beefed up enormously. Travelers are screened all the more intently. Individuals are not permitted to convey fluids into the air terminal dislike before just travelers with tickets may enter the terminal. As per USAToday journalist Blake Morrison (2002), Flight orderlies report that many ground laborers, for example, air terminal mechanics, food providers and incline laborers despite everything approach planes without experiencing any checkpoints as long as the have their swipe cards. Access Control Systems Access control frameworks are exceptionally utilized all things considered organizations to keep unapproved individuals out of spots they don't have a place. Access control frameworks are thought of as electronic card perusers were identifications are expected to open an entryways, lets people access a lift, or carport. Access control frameworks likewise can be as straightforward as having a security watchman to prevent individuals from entering a specific region. There are levels of access controls there is the fundamental framework that permits frameworks to react to a pin or a card number, there is a savvy framework that controls access to entryways locks and furthermore has the capacity to store data. The most well-known break of this framework is that individuals permit people without identifications to slip in behind them. For instance, these days numerous high rise or townhouse buildings have fundamental passageways were they should identification in or have a key to open the entryway. There is consistently somebody holding up at the entryway to pick up section, and a great many people will simply open the entryway and let the person in question in never believing that this individual ought not approach. The individual who is allowed in could be an interloper there to do hurt. Therefore numerous organizations/living arrangement buildings stress that approve clients ought not let anybody enter except if the person have followed the suitable technique for guests. Access cards have been demonstrated to have some helplessness. Programmers are smart and have discovered approaches to duplicate the cards data. Programmers have become so practiced that they have made compact perusers t cap can catch the card number. No security technique can ever be recorded as 100% powerful. Edge Security Edge Security can be portrayed as a limit that isolates a region from the remainder of the world. The reason for the edge security is to deter,â detect, defer and deny unapproved access to an edge without the owner’s agree to evade burglary, vandalism, or other criminal acts. Numerous things are utilized to keep individual from accessing their property. Fences or entryways are acceptable beginning stages to secure property. Doors that are sufficiently high and bolted keeps gatecrashers out. A different line of protection is security lights. Having a zone with great lighting is basic to a security framework since individuals are more averse to carry out a wrongdoing in a spot on the off chance that they believe they can be seen by somebody. Most hoodlums search for a zone that doesn't have great lighting and is away from by passers. Great lights around a home and a zone not covered up by congested trees and bushes gives some insurance. Lighting can shield a home or a business from gatecrasher since it gives slyness. Numerous homes have introduced movement sensor lights that please when somebody strolls or moves in a specific edge around their home or business. On the off chance that the gatecrasher were to set off the sensor and lights please they will in all probability flee as they don't know whether somebody is observing either from the home the person in question is interfering or from the neighbor’s house. Crooks are likewise prevented from homes or organizations with outside lighting since they feel that on the off chance that you set aside the effort to introduce great lighting, this home additionally has the capability of having a caution framework. Likewise in the event that it is a business that is being interrupted acceptable lighting additionally helps the utilization surveillance cameras, if the lighting is acceptable more clear pictures could be caught. Data Systems and Technology Security Data security implies shielding data from unapproved get to, use, divulgence, disturbance, alteration, scrutiny, review, recording, or devastation. Most organizations and homes have interruption recognition frameworks on their PCs. Interruption discovery frameworks permit organizations to screen undesirable endeavors to access their frameworks. As indicated by Webopedia (2010) these discovery gadgets permit chiefs to see all action approaching and active. Interruption discovery is essential to guard data frameworks from programmers, displeased representatives, and other people who might need to raise the organization ruckus or harm their IT frameworks. Security Net uses a Reactive Intrusion Detection framework. The explanation the detached framework is utilized in light of the fact that it logs all exercises and afterward sounds an alarm. A receptive framework not onlyâ logs the traffic and dubious utilize then cautions managers, however it likewise logs off a client after dubious action is identified (Net Security, 2010). Wellbeing Net feels the latent technique is simply not defensive enough in observing dubious action. Permitting directors to realize who has led such movement is incredible however Reactive stops the action. The recognition framework used by Safety Net is a Host Intrusion Detection System instead of the Network Intrusion Detection System. End Physical security is the insurance of staff, equipment, projects, systems, and information from physical conditions and occasions that could make genuine misfortunes or harm an endeavor, office, or organization. People have the duty to ensure that they shield themselves from hurt. All measures must be gauged and applied to guarantee that security can't be penetrated. References Burglary. (2011). Recovered fromhttp://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2009/offenses/violent_crime/robbery.html | | Morrison, Blake. (2002) Attendants question ground security. Recovered on January 7,2011 from http://www.usatoday.com/news/country/2002/04/04/ground-security.htm Intrusion Detection. (2012). Recovered on January 7, 2011 From http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Computer_Science/2005 Net Security. (2011). Recovered on January 7, 2011 From http://netsecurity.about.com/cs/hackertools/an/aa030504_2.htm

How Working Capital Affects Performance Of Retail Industry Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

1.1 Introduction: The main aim of this dissertation is to study how working capital management affects the performance of retail industry. This dissertation concentrates on one of the important areas of finance the working capital management. Working capital management is the management of both the current assets and current liabilities. Management of working capital is considered as an important function for any kind of organization. Without proper management of working capital the company cant perform their day to day operations smoothly. So each organization in the industry performs several activities to manage their working capital as efficiently as possible in order to compete from each other. Companies in retail industry depends heavily on working capital for their daily operating activities and therefore it is essential for managing their working capital in order to gain profitability and also to avoid solvency. Improper management of working capital can also lead to bankrupt and there are also some retail companies in the past to explain this fact is true. The main problem and issue in working capital management it is to determine the optimum level to be maintained in the current assets and current liabilities and also to determine whether the firm should invest heavily in current assets or in fixed assets. These issues can seriously affect the profitability and liquidity of the organization and it should be carefully considered in order to compete in the industry. It is very necessary for the organization to know the level of funds to be invested in each component of the current assets such as cash, inventory, accounts receivable and marketable securities. Funds invested in current assets are generally turned back into cash in the end of the working capital cycle which is normally within one year. Therefore investing high or low in current assets affects the profitability and liquidity of the firm and it should be maintained in such a way which satisfies the exact needs of the business. It is also necessary to know how to investment these currents assets which are either by short term financing or by long term financing. For these decisions to be made efficient working capital management is essential. It has been discussed in many journals that working capital management has a direct relationship with the profitability and liquidity of the organization. Therefore managing the working capital components is very critical to maintain the firm profitability and liquidity. For example in the case of cash which the company holds if it holds more it is going to lose the profit which can be earned by investing the excess cash in current assets and if the company has low level of cash it is going to miss the business opportunities when they arrive. In the case of inventory investing more in inventory can reduce the profit if the company cant able to sell the goods quickly and also investing less in inventory can lead to loss of sales. Accounts receivable and account payable also has a huge impact on the profitability of the firm. The company credit policies have a great impact on the volume of good sold. If the firm grants a longer credit period for the customers it is going to encourage the sales which thereby increase the profit. On the other hand companys which delays the payments to their suppliers can use that cash for in some other asset and could earn from that investment. But delaying the payment should not exceed the granted period given by the suppliers otherwise the firm may lose the discounts provided by the supplier for early payments. The main objectives of this study is to, To measure the working capital management performed in retail companies and then analysing the performance of retail companies. To determine the working capital cycle for the retail company. To determine what kind of working capital policy is practiced in retail industry. To determine whether the working capital management practices really affects the profitability of the firm. The first chapter of this dissertation is the introduction which is a short description explaining the basic idea behind this research. It will give the problems and issues associated with the research topic and it also explains the aims and objectives accomplished by this research. The second chapter is the literature review which discussed the theoretical concepts in working capital management. This chapter explains the importance of working capital management, the working capital cycle and the different working capital approaches followed in different industries. It also explains the management of each of the working capital components such as cash, inventories, accounts receivable and marketable securities in detail and the objectives satisfied by managing these working capital components. In the end of this chapter the various sources which finance the working capital are discussed. The third chapter is the research methodology which explains the research methodology adopted for this dissertation. It explains what kind of research method followed in this dissertation and also shows the different data collection methods and tools used to complete the dissertation. The fourth chapter is the findings and analysis. In this chapter the performance of the retail industries is analysed and then the findings are discussed. The different analyses performed in this chapter are ratio analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis. By ratio analysis the performance of the retail companies are analysed and then by correlation and regression analysis it is analysed to see whether the inventory holding days, accounts receivable days, accounts payable days and cash conversion cycle affects the return on capital employed. Finally the last chapter concludes and gives recommendation based on the results analysed. 1.0 Working Capital: Working capital is the capital which satisfies the short term financial requirements of any business enterprise. It is capital which is engaged in the operations of the business for not more than one year. Every organization whether it is profit oriented or not needs working capital for the day to day operations of the business. Managers when making investment decisions not only plans for the long term such as buying new building or machine but also considers the need to have additional current assets in the short term for any expansion of activity that the organization is planning to do. For example if the organization is planning to increase the level of production the organization needs to hold a greater level of raw materials similarly if the organization increases the sales there will be an increase in level of debtors. All these investment decisions can bring the organization to level of risk. So it is very necessary for an organization to manage this working capital effectivel y to avoid the company fall into risk (Mclaney 2006). 1.1 Importance of Working Capital Management: The management of working capital is very important for several reasons. According to Padachi (2006), working capital management is very important for the financial health of the business of any size. He also suggested that the funds invested in the working capital are high in proportion to the total assets employed. Therefore it should be managed in effective and efficient way. Also working capital management directly affects the liquidity and profitability of the firm. Therefore managing the working capital should be done in such a way that it should create a balance between the liquidity and profitability (Falope, I and Ajilote, T 2009). The main advantage of working capital management is the flexibility of it. That is it has the ability to change with the rise and fall in seasonal demands of the product or service, and with the rise and fall in economic and market conditions (Mathur, B 2003). Largay, A and Stickney, P (1980) studied the bankruptcy case of a large retail store in the year 1980. From their study they found that the bankruptcy should have occurred because of the poor cash flow from their operation during the last few years of their bankruptcy. So managing the working capital is very necessary for the survival of the business 1.2 Components of Working Capital: Working capital which is also called as current capital or circulating capital is the capital that the managers put it to work for the day to day operations of the organization. There are two important concepts in the working capital management that is the gross working capital and the net working capital. Gross working capital is the capital that includes only the current assets used in the day to day operations of the organization and net working capital is the capital which includes the current assets less the current liabilities. The components which comprise the current assets are the following, (Brigham, F and Houston. F 2007). Cash Marketable Securities Inventories Accounts Receivables These currents assets are financed using the following sources such as, Accruals Accounts Payable Short term bank loans Commercial paper etc. The degree to which an organization invests in current assets depends on several factors such as the type of business and products the organization do. For example retail companies mostly invest a lot of funds in their current assets such as inventory and they invest less in long term assets such as buying plant and equipment. But in the case of some manufacturing companies more is invested in long term assets such as machines and equipment as they are very necessary for the organization. The length of operating cycle also is an important factor. The longer the operating cycle the more is invested in the current assets. The level of uncertainty in the business also is one of the important factors. So depending upon the industry practices the organization invests more in current assets or in long term assets (Fabozzi, J 2003). . 2.0 Working capital cycle: Working capital cycle is the time taken for the capital invested by the organization turning back into cash. Generally the working capital cycle for a manufacturing business starts when the organization buys the raw materials on credit followed by working on these raw materials to produce the final goods, and selling of the finished goods. During this cycle the organization also needs to pay the creditors. As the organization sells the final product on credit, the debtors are increased and when the customers started to pay it will increase the amount of cash in the business (Myddelton, D 2000). Retailers Supplier Inventory Supplier Merchandise Supplier Merchandise Supplier Merchandise Supplier Merchandise Customers Payment Payment Payment Payment Figure1: Working capital cycle of a Retail Business (Reynolds, Cuthbertson and Bell 2004) The above figure shows the general working capital cycle of a retail business and it explains how the operating process is performed in a retail business. The first stage in the operating process is where the suppliers provide the merchandise to the retailers. Large retail companies manufacture their own products under their brand name. After all the merchandise is received from the suppliers the retailers makes the store ready, and other arrangements for the received products to be sold. The products which are available to be sold become the inventory. In the next stage the customers buys the products which generates cash into the company (Reynolds, Cuthbertson and Bell 2004). 2.1 Cash Conversion Cycle: An important cycle which is embedded in the working capital cycle is the cash conversion cycle. When the organization buys raw materials from their suppliers they dont pay them immediately. They usually have a credit period contracted by the supplier and before that they need to pay. This is known as the creditors payment period. Also not all customers pay the cash immediately when they buy a product. Some buy them on credit and they should pay the certain amount within a particular period. This period which is granted by the business to the customer is known as the debtors payment period. The gap between these two periods is known as the cash conversion cycle. It is the cycle where the invested cash that is the cash invested in the suppliers turns back into cash when the customers pay the money during the debtors collection period (Arnold 2005). Raw Material Stock Period Work-in Progress Period Finished goods inventory period Debtor Collection Period Creditor Payment Period Stock Conversion Period Cash Conversion Cycle Figure2: Cash Conversion Cycle (Arnold 2005) The above figure shows the cash conversion cycle. The length of the cash conversion cycle depends on three factors, Stock conversion period Debtor collection period Creditor payment period Stock conversion period is the period where the raw material bought from the supplier are processed and converted into finished goods. Therefore the duration of a cash conversion cycle is found by, Cash conversion cycle = Stock Conversion period + Debtors collection period à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Creditors payment period In an article Jose, Lancaster and Stevens (1996) suggest the importance of cash conversion cycle in the profitability and liquidity of the organization. They explained that for an aggressive approach to liquidity management the organization should reduce the cash conversion cycle by reducing their inventories and debtor collection period while increasing their creditors payment period. Managing the cash conversion cycle this way may involve tradeoffs between liquidity and profitability. If the business reduces the inventory and the debtors collection period they will lose the sales because of stock running out so early and also losing customers who usually buys in credit. Also if the firm increases the creditor collection period they will lose the discounts available for early payments and also the flexibility of pay debts in the future. So cash conversion holds an important role in maintaining the liquidity and profitability of the organization. 3.0 Working capital policy: Working capital policy is the policy made by the organization for making decisions on two important things, which are how much should the firm invest in each component of current assets and how these investments should be financed. Any business for managing their working capital efficiently should make decisions on what level of cash they should hold, what level of inventory they should maintain, what level of accounts receivable can be allowed and they should also decide whether to finance these current assets either with short term funds or with long term funds. These decisions made by the organization together make up the working capital policy (Correia et al. 2007). According to Vishnani and Shah (2007) working capital policies had a great impact on the firms performance. They suggest the importance of working capital policies for maintaining the firms liquidity and profitability. An unnecessary investment in current assets can reduce the rate of return thereby affecting the prof itability. Also it is very necessary for maintaining the liquidity for a normal running of the business. If the firm holds too much liquidity it explains that the firm is not using its funds efficiently and on the other hand if they have inadequate liquidity it will affect their credit worthiness. So it is very essential to determine the optimal level of working capital. 3.1 Permanent and Temporary Working Capital: A working capital policy is affected because of the firms varying requirements of current assets. The working capital requirements of a firm do not always remain stable through out the year and it varies from time to time. Because of the seasonal demands of some product the firm changes their level of production and holdings of inventories. Due to these conditions the currents assets in the firm also varies. But a certain amount of current assets is always maintained regularly in the business to meet the minimum day to day operations of the business to continue without any difficulties. This minimum requirement of current assets is known as the permanent working capital. On the other hand the amount which is invested in current assets due to the varying seasonal requirements is known as the temporary working capital (Van Horne, C and Wachowicz, M 2008). Amount of working capital Permanent working capital Temporary working capital Time Figure 3: Permanent and Temporary working capital (Source: Van Horne, C and Wachowicz, M 2008) Generally permanent working capital remains the same for whole year and the temporary working capital is the one which varies over time. But for some growing business the permanent working capital also rises steadily over time to meet the expansion activities of the business which is described by the figure above. 3.2 Approaches in Working Capital Policies: There are three different approaches in working capital policies and they are moderate, aggressive and conservative approaches. A firm which follows a moderate approach uses both long term and short term financing to finance their assets. The main aim of this moderate approach is to create a balance between the risk and the return. The firm which follows an aggressive approach tends to use a more of short term funds and less of long term funds to finance its current assets. Even though short term interest rates are lower than long term interest rates short term financing is more risky than long term financing because they should be paid off in a short time period. Therefore following an aggressive approach increases the risk of liquidity and it also increases the possibility of higher profits. The firm which follows a conservative approach uses a less of short term funds and more of long term funds. Therefore it reduces the liquidity risk and also the possibility to achieve higher pr ofits (Gallagher, J and Andrew, D 2007). Weinraub, J and Visscher (1998) examined the relative relationship between the aggressive and conservative approach by studying on ten different industry groups and found that each of these industries were following a unique and different working capital management polices. From their research they also found that the relatively aggressive working capital management appear to be balanced by the relatively conservative working capital management. 3.3 Factors Determining the Working Capital Requirements: Financial managers should manage their working capital in such a way that it should not be surplus or excessive. For this the managers the managers need to know the working capital requirements of the organization to make sure to provide the perfect financing. The working capital requirements of any business depends among several factors and generally some of the factors which should be considered while determining the working capital requirements are the following (Banerjee 2005), Nature of the business: The general nature of the business itself affects the working capital requirements of the business. In the case of manufacturing industry they will invest significantly in both fixed and working capital. But in other industries such as trading and financing firms invest a small amount fixed assets and a large in working capital. Some firms needs to have a large amount of inventory and debtor balances because of their nature of business. Growth and Expansion of Business: The level of investments in working capital depends upon the size of the business. The more the business expands its activity the more working capital requirement is needed. Production Cycle: Production cycle is the period where the raw materials are converted into their finished product. The longer the period to convert these raw materials into finished product the larger is the working capital. Business Cycle: The business cycle is an important factor in considering the working capital requirement. The business has to pass through a period of good times and bad times such as recession. During the good times where the business is growing the business needs to increase their working capital requirements because of the increased sales and during the bad times the business needs to reduce their working capital because of reduced sales. Production Policy: The demands of certain products are seasonal in nature. So during the peak season the working capital requirements are higher while during the off-season the working capital is kept lower. Therefore depending upon the seasonal demands of the product or service the working capital requirements varies. Credit Policy: Credit policy has a direct impact on the working capital requirements. When the business reduces the credit period it will reduces the volume of sales which leads to the reduction of working capital requirements. But when the business grants a longer credit period it encourages the sales and there by needing to increase the working capital requirements. Price Level Changes: The varying price level also affects the working capital requirements. When the price level increases the business also needs to increase their working capital to maintain their same volume of activity. Operating Efficiency: Operating efficiency is an important factor to be considered by the business. The business can maintain their working capital to a minimum level only when they are able to manage or control their operating costs and utilise their working capital efficiently. 4.0 MANAGEMENT OF CURRENT ASSETS: As discussed before working capital management is the management of both current assets and the current liabilities. The main objective of working capital management it is to maintain an optimum balance of each of the working capital components and to develop the optimum level between the current assets and the current liabilities. The optimum level is the level where a balance is created between risk and efficiency (Filbeck and Krueger, M 2005). In the following paragraphs the management of currents assets such as cash, marketable securities, inventories and accounts receivables are discussed. 4.1 Cash Management: Cash management is defined as the management of cash inflows and cash outflows. The cash flows out of the firm when the business buys goods and services from its suppliers and cash flows into the firm when the customer pays for the product they purchased. The term cash refers the cash like assets like currency, bank balances etc. The cash is often considered as non earning assets because they do not provide earnings but the cash provides safety from insolvency. Cash is very important for the day to day operations of the business and to meet the liabilities when they are due (Besley and Brigham 2005). There are several reasons for a business to hold cash (Besley and Brigham 2005), Transaction balance: Cash balance is very essential for the operations of the business. Cash is used for paying their employees wages, buying raw materials, fixed assets, and also to pay their taxes. Compensating balance: It is the minimum bank balance that the firm should maintain for the services provided by the bank such as check clearing and cash management advice. Precautionary balance: It is the cash kept as reserve by the firm because the company cannot predict the future cash flow. The amount which is kept as reserve depends upon the predictability of the cash flow. The less cash predicted the more cash balance is maintained. Speculative balance: These are cash maintained by the firm to take advantage of any profit opportunity when arises in the business. Ferreira, A and Vilela, S (2004) suggest that the level of cash holdings is positively affected by the investment opportunity and cash flows of the firm and it is negatively affected by the liquid assets, leverage and size of the firm. Firms with high investment opportunity needs to hold a high level a cash to take the benefits of the immediate opportunities available to them and also if the firm has a unpredictable cash flow the firm holds a high levels of cash. On the other hand firms which has high level of liquid assets holds low level of cash because the firm convert the liquid assets into cash when they are needed. Also firms with higher leverage that is the ability of the firm to raise debts will hold less level of cash. And at last the size of the firm affects the level of cash holdings. Large firms hold less level of cash than smaller firms because borrowing funds by smaller funds is expensive when compared to larger firms. So smaller tend to hold more cash to avoid borrowin g funds. The two main goals of cash management practices is (Fabozzi, J 2003) To have adequate cash in hand to meet the immediate needs of the firms and To receive the cash from those to owe it as early as possible and to pay the cash which the business owes as late as possible. To determine the level of investment in cash is a very important function. The firm cannot hold too much cash because of the holding cost associated with it. Holding cost is the cost that the business would have earned if the cash is invested in some form of asset. The level of investment in the cash depends upon the firms liquid assets, debt levels, and rate of return and economic conditions. There are two models used by the firms to determine the adequate level of cash needed to be maintained. One is the Baumol model which assumes that the cash is used uniformly through the period and based on this assumption the amount of cash to be maintained is measured. But by the second model which is called as Miller model assumes that the cash flow varies in an unpredictable manner and based on this assumption the amount of cash to be invested is measured. These two models help in satisfying the first goal of cash management (Fabozzi, J 2003). To achieve the second goal of cash management which is to reduce the period cash inflow and to increase the period of cash outflow, several ways are being followed. The following techniques help reduce the period of cash inflow (Shim, K and Siegel, G 2000). Lockbox System- In this system the customer instead of mailing the check to the firm send their checks to a nearby post office box which is controlled by the firms bank. The firms bank then collects the check from the post office and deposits the check. Due to this process the time the check spends in the mail and also since the bank itself receives the check it avoids the time the check spends when received by the firm and thus saves the processing time of the checks in the firm. Pre-Authorised Debits- In this system the cash is collected from customers by obtaining permission from customers to have pre authorised debits automatically charged to their bank accounts. Thereby it eliminates the time the check spends in the mail and the processing time of the check. Wire Transfer- In this system the cash is transferred quickly between banks and thus eliminates the transferring time of the cash. Wire transfers are done though computer terminal and telephone. So far we have discussed the ways to reduce the period of cash inflow. Now lets discuss the ways to increase the period of cash outflow. Zero-balance account- Zero balance account as the name suggest it requires no balance. It is an arrangement between the bank and the firm to achieve controlled disbursement which is to pay exactly what the company owes. When the check is offered to the bank the bank just transfers the money from the firms account. By this system the firm can pay the exact amount which covers the check. This system also increases the period of cash flowing out (Bragg, M 2007). Payable through drafts- Payables through drafts is similar to the checks. But a draft works in a different way. When a draft is offered to the bank the bank sends to the firms which issued the draft and waits for its approval. Only after receiving the approval from the firm the bank deposits funds into the receivers account. Due to complex procedure when using drafts it takes a long time for the amount to be transferred in to the receiver account (Shim, K and Siegel, G 2000). 4.2 Management of Marketable Securities: Management of marketable securities is just a continuation of cash management. We know that cash does not earn any return so instead of holding these cash firms just invest these cash in marketable securities for a short period of time. When the firms feel that they need some they just convert these marketable securities back into cash. Depending upon the yield curve the security earns the return. When the yield curve rises the firm gains a higher return. For example if the firm invest in a security for one year period of time then the return it would be getting is measured by (Puxty, G and Dodds 1988) R = P2 P1 + I P1 Where R is the return, P2 is the maturity value of the security, P1 is the purchase price and I is the interest paid. There are several factors which the firms consider when investing on securities and they are as follows (Chandra 2005), Safety à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The most important factor which the firm consider when investing in any kind of security is safety. The firm before investing in any security first checks whether they will get back the amount invested. T-bills or the treasury bills are considered as the safest investment because the obligation are promised by the government. But investing in other securities depends upon the type of security and the issuer. Liquidity- The liquidity refers to the ability of the investor to convert the security back into cash without acquiring any loss. For a traded security a large and active secondary market ensures liquidity while a non traded security liquidity risk is high. Yield- The yield represents the return which the security is going to gain by way of interest, dividend and capital gain. Maturity- Maturity represents the expiry time of the security. The longer the maturity period the higher will be the yield. But securities like t-bills provide a fixed return when they are matured. Some of the marketable securities where the firms generally invest are the following, (Fabozzi, J 2003) Treasury Bills- These are securities issued by the US government and as a maturity period of one, three and six months. Investing in this type of security is risk free but it provides a lower rate of return. Certificates of deposits- These are debts issued by the bank in large amounts and have a maturity period up to one year. Investing in this type of security is highly risky because some times the issuer will not pay the interest and principal as promised. Commercial paper- These are debts issued by firms in large amounts and have a maturity period generally up to thirty days. Investing in this security is also risky but this risk is minimized by the back up lines of credit offered by commercial banks. Commercial paper is very attractive because of the higher returns it provides than when compared to the return provided by t-bills. Holding cash and marketable securities offers both advantage and disadvantage for a firm. The advantage is, it reduces the transaction cost because there is no need to issue security or borrow cash and holding cash or marketable securities provides opportunities to take advantage of immediate growth opportunities. The disadvantage of holding cash and marketable security is the after tax return of both cash and marketable security is considerably very low (Brigham, F and Houston. F 2007). According to Opler, C et al (1999) suggest that firms which has high growth opportunity will be in trouble if they dont maintain enough cash or marketable securities as they cant take advantage of opportunities available to them. For these purpose firms with high growth opportunity tends to hold a large amount of cash and invest largely on marketable securities. Also firms with unpredictable cash flow maintain a high level of cash and marketable security. But on the other hand firms which have the maximum access to the capital market maintain a lower level of cash. 4.3 Management of Inventories: Inventory management is a set of polices which controls and monitor the levels of inventory and decides what level of inventory to be maintained, when they should be restocked, and also to decide what level of stocks to be ordered. Inventories in an organization can be classified as (Chase, B, Davis, M and Aquilano, J 2003). Raw Materials- these are items purchased from. Work in Process- these are products not yet completed and still in the processing stage Finished goods- these are completed product which are under the control of the firm. Organizations should generally maintain some level of inventory which should satisfy the continuous demand of the customers. The main task of inventory management it is to provide a continuous supply of a product to the customer at all times without disruption. To achieve this task there should be close coordination between the sales, purchasing, production, and the financial departments. The sales department observe the changing demand of the product and then the purchasing and production department works on these changes while the financial department arranges the finance to set up the inventory. Improper coordination between these departments can cause serious problems (Wild 2002). Inventory Cost: There are three types of cost involved in inventories and these costs should be taken into consideration when making decisions with inventories. The three costs are, (Berk and DeMarzo 2007) Carrying costs- Carrying costs is the cost of holding the inventory in storage and also their depreciation and obsolescence cost. When inventories are stored they need to insured and the firm needs to pay the insurance and property tax. Depreciation and obsolescence cost is the cost where the value of the product is reduced over time. Ordering Cost- These are the cost involved when the inventories needed to be replenished. For the inventories to be restocked the firm needs to place orders with a supplier. Telephone charges, delivery costs, set up and production cost are the cost included in the ordering cost. Stock-out costs- Stock-out cost is occurred when the firm inventories become shortage. Due to this shortage the firm will loss the sales and goodwill of the customer. Reasons for Holding Inventory: There are several reasons for organization maintaining the inventory. Some of the reasons which firms generally consider are the following, (Muller 2003) Varying Demands- The main reason why inventory are stored because of the varying demands of the product. Firms should be able to satisfy the needs of the customer on time. Also the demand of the product or service will vary from time to time so because of this varying it is always better for the firm to hold some level of inventory in order to avoid any kind cost associated with it. Unreliability of Supply- Suppliers can cause troubles to the firm by delaying the supplies or providing low supplies. So in order to be safe firms hold inventories in order to avoid the stock out costs. Inflation: Inflation is also another reason for firms to hold inventories. Buying and storing inventories at appropriate times helps the firm the firm to avoid the cost of inflation. Lower Ordering Costs: In order to lower the ordering costs firms buy inventories in large quantities less frequently thereby reducing the ordering costs such as delivery cost etc. As discussed above holding inventories is costly and many organizations try to minimize the cost of holding inventory. In an article Tully and Miller (1994) studied that many organizations are working to minimize the cost of inventory. Some firms do long tem forecast of orders and they manufacture their products a week or month in advance creating big inventories and will fulfil the orders. Also some firm started manufacture the product only when needed. This system is known as demand based management or just in time inventory management. The main advantage of performing just in time inventory is the firms hold less level of inventory which reduces the storage cost. 4.4 Management of Accounts Receivables: Accounts receivables are developed when the firms allows the customers to pay for the product or services at a later date. Generally firms like to receive cash immediately for the products but in order to be competitive and to increase the sales they offer credit. The management of accounts receivables involves making decisions on whether to offer credit or not and also to monitor and control the accounts receivables in the business. Even accumulating accounts receivables involves cost. Firms offering credits are going to miss those funds for a certain period and thus there is an opportunity cost involved when offering credit. Also firms should monitor what is owed to the firm. Thus there is a cost involved in monitoring the accounts receivable called as the administering cost (Fabozzi, J 2003). Credit Policy: Firms in order to be compete with other firms offers credit to the customers so that they can increase the sales. So managers set their credit policy on the basis of increasing the sales. The following aspect which is considered when setting the credit policy is as follows, (Brigham, F and Houston. F 2007) Credit Period- It is the period which is granted by the firm to the customers to pay for the purchases. Discounts- Discounts are sometimes given by the firm for early payments. A certain percentage of discount is offered for the purchase when the payment is done before a certain period. Credit Standards- Credit standards are standards set by the firm for acceptable credit customers. Normally the evaluation of an customers creditworthiness is measured using the four Cs such as (Fabozzi, J 2003) Capacity- This measures the customers capacity to earn the money to repay the obligation. Character- This measures the customers willingness to pay the debt. Collateral- This measures the customers assets which can be liquidated if bad debt occurs. Conditions- This measures the customers ability to pay to the varying economic and market factors. Collection Policy- These are policies which are set by the firm to collect the slow paying accounts. 5.0 Short Term Financing: As far we have discussed the components of the current assets and the optimal level to maintain it. Now we will discuss how those current assets are financed. Generally all the components of the current assets require investment of funds of different levels depending upon the level of each component required from time to time. Based on this level of funds required the short term financing is provided. Some of the sources of short term financing are (Mathur, B 2003) Accruals Accounts Payable Bank Loans and Commercial Paper Accruals: Accruals are amounts which the firm owes to a person or to an organization which are not yet paid. Generally expenses such as wages, taxes and interest for liabilities which are not yet by the firm for the services provided by it are known as accruals. Wages represent the amount owed by the firm to its employees. Taxes represent the firms tax such as income tax and sales tax. Generally firms pay the wages and tax on a weekly basis or on a monthly basis. Also firms need to pay interest for the bonds issued and it is known as accrued interest. Therefore all these expenses are noted in the balance sheet as accrued expenses and they are not yet paid. Also no interest is paid in these expenses and they are all treated as interest free source of financing (Bhalla 2005). Accounts Payable: Accounts payables also known as trade credit are amounts which the firm owes to a supplier. When a firm purchase raw materials from suppliers the suppliers usually grants a certain period for the payment to be settled by the firm. This period is known by the firms as the creditors payment period. Trade credit is considered as the most important source of short term financing especially for smaller businesses as they unable to obtain funds from banks and other financial institutions (Bhalla 2005). Suppliers before granting credit period always checks the firms credit worthiness. Like in the accounts receivable we discussed earlier where firms checks the credit worthiness of the customer, here the supplier checks the firms credit worthiness. The supplier examines the firms ability to pay for the raw materials they bought. The various aspects which the firms generally consider are the following, (Mathur, B 2003) Profitability- Profitability is one of the important factors which are considered when examining the credit worthiness of the business. The supplier will also look whether the business is able to plough back a significant amount back into the business. This will indicate whether the business will continue in the long term. Liquidity- Liquidity is also another important factor considered when examining the credit worthiness. Liquidity ratios are calculated and it tells whether the business will be able to fulfil the commitments of payments when they fall due. Also judging the honesty and willingness of the firm to pay back its dues is checked. This is done by enquiring with previous suppliers. Bank Loans: Bank loans are considered as the second important source of financing next to the trade credit. Bank loans are funds which are financed by the bank when asked by the firm when the need to increase its activities. The key features involved when offering bank loans to a firm are as follows, (Brigham, F and Houston. F 2007) Maturity- Almost all bank loans have a maturity of less than one year. Promissory Note: This is a note which is signed by the firm agreeing certain terms and condition when the loan is offered to the firm. The note contains the borrowed amount, interest rate, repayment schedules and any collateral which is taken as security for the loan. Compensating Balance- It is the balance which the firms should deposit or maintain with the bank in order for the loan to be offered to the firm. Generally the amount to be maintained is 20 to 30 percent of the total amount of the loan. Line of Credit- Line of credit is an informal agreement made between the bank and the firm where the bank agrees to lend the firm a certain amount during a specified period. Revolving Credit Agreement- It is a formal agreement made by the bank and the borrower agreed to lend a certain amount. Commercial Paper: Commercial paper is a short term unsecured promissory note issued by firms which are then sold to other firms, banks and other financial institutions. The maturity of the commercial will be below one year and the interest rate varies depending upon the demand. The interest rate of the commercial paper is below the prime rate. Only firms which have good credit ratings will be able to borrow funds through the sale of commercial paper. Commercial papers are usually sold at a discount and it pays the full amount during the maturity. Commercial paper is not always a dependable source of finance because if the firm faces any financial difficulties no investor will be interested in buying the commercial paper issued by the firm. Also commercial paper can only paid during the maturity. Even if the firm doesnt need any funds they must still pay the interest for the commercial paper issued (Fabozzi, J 2003).

The Mexican American War On America Essay - 1430 Words

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Embodiment and Free Indirect Discourse Reliance Essay Example For Students

Embodiment and Free Indirect Discourse: Reliance   Essay Mrs. Dalloway is the ultimate form of free indirect discourse. Virginia Woolf employs this literary technique to allow the reader a chance to truly delve into the characters’ thoughts. Through this mechanism, character development happens not only through the lens of an omniscient third party but also through the characters’ own lenses and the perspectives of other characters. With free indirect discourse, the characters of this novel become much more than just personages in a novel about the events of a single day. In fact, the technique gives rise to some characters coming to embody certain prevalent themes in the novel. The implementation of embodiment is essential because it allows Woolf to comment on certain social themes from all angles, giving new meaning to complex themes such as human nature and love and religion. The structural technique of free indirect discourse is critical to the characters’ abilities to embody themes, which gives theme a deeper and more pernicious meaning throughout the novel. Embodiment in the novel extends much deeper than a character simply symbolizing a theme, it allows characters to become destructive themes. Dr. Holmes becomes the embodiment of human nature. During his session with Dr. Holmes Septimus thinks of the doctor and human nature as â€Å"the brute with red nostrils† (93). The connotation of the word â€Å"brute† suggests that human nature is inherently evil. In fact Septimus, views human nature, and subsequently Dr. Holmes, as responsible for â€Å"the sin for which human nature had condemned him to death; that he did not feel† (91). What deepens the theme is the fact that Dr. Holmes is completely unaware of his embodiment. He even states that he has â€Å"come as a friend† right before Septimus kills himself (149). In actuality, his arrival triggered Septimus’s final downfall. The doctor’s inability to realize his own embodiment mirrors Septimus’s frustration with his own inability to feel, adding dimension to the theme. Similarly, Miss Kilman becomes the embodiment of love and religion. Even when â€Å"the body of Miss Kilman was not before her , it overwhelmed her – the idea† (126). In this case, the embodiment is much more literal: the flesh of Miss Kilman becomes the theme. Miss Kilman, unlike Dr. Holmes, acknowledges the embodiment herself when she thinks, â€Å"it is the flesh that she must control† (128). Clarissa feels that love and religion destroy â€Å"privacy of the soul†, something she greatly values (127). On a more tangible level, Miss Kilman physically takes Elizabeth, who she greatly loves, away from Clarissa. The embodiment throughout the novel gives light to the destructive nature of certain themes. However, this embodiment would not be possible without free indirect discourse. Free indirect discourse is the backbone that allows embodiment to flourish. The technique allows for the reader to enter Septimus’s mind to understand the gravity of the distress human nature causes him. He feels that â€Å"human nature, in short, was on him†¦Holmes was on him† (92). Switching to Rezia’s point of view, suddenly Dr. Holmes â€Å"only wanted to help them† (92). However, this thought contrasts greatly with the moment Rezia finally realizes Holmes causes some sort of distress in Septimus she tries to prevent him from seeing her husband right before Septimus kills himself. The novel is never told from Dr. Holmes’s point of view, which highlights Septimus’s lack of understanding in his inability to feel. Septimus spirals downhill when human literally encroaches on his brief moment of lucidity: Holmes entering his home. Clarissa sees love and religion as â€Å"the cruelest things in the world†¦clumsy, hot, domineering†¦ dressed in a mackintosh coat† (126). Through Clarissa’s thought, the reader is able to truly understand that Kilman has destroyed what Clarissa cherishes most. By switching to Miss Kilman’s narration the embodiment becomes much deeper. Kilman acknowledges that â€Å"she had got Elizabeth†, a fact that she knows Clarissa resents (129). Miss Kilman then tries â€Å"to think of something else† to bother Clarissa with, further highlighting the destructive nature of the embodiment (129). While Dr. Holmes’s oblivion to his embodiment strengthens it, Miss Kilman’s tactical awareness strengthens her embodiment. This major difference is made apparent only through narration, or in Holmes’s case, lack thereof. Without free indirect discourse, characters would not be able to embody themes. .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 , .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 .postImageUrl , .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 , .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849:hover , .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849:visited , .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849:active { border:0!important; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849:active , .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849 .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u85a67bb2a8f45712ed04dd71e4c05849:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Nature of Quantitative Research EssayThroughout the novel, theme becomes much more apparent through the technique of free indirect discourse. The characters of the novel come to embody, physically become, themes that reek havoc on other characters’ lives. Dr. Holmes and human nature push Septimus to his demise. Miss Kilman and love and religion manage to strip Clarissa of her true values. The narration style of the novel is essential to understanding the idea of embodiment. Undoubtedly, free indirect discourse in this novel highlights the deleterious nature of human nature and love and religion. The condemnation of the themes leads one to wonder, is this part of a larger social commentary that Woolf is attempting to make? Do aspects of human behavior inherently have perverse affects on humans themselves?